Main Article Content
Abstract
The research study is designed to investigate the effectiveness of a blended learning program through experimental setup, where 82 (45 control sample and 37 experimental sample) students participated in the research activity. The researcher designed and applied blended learning program to enhance students' motivation towards achievements in the syllabus of O-levels Chemistry subject. Hypothesis testing achieved through regression analysis, Split Plot ANOVA, independent sample t-test and Bootstrapping for mediation. Results suggest significant and positive relationship between blended learning program, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and academic achievements. Furthermore, female participants were found to be more motivated in comparison with male participants. The researcher has further discussed possible reasons for insignificant relationships among variables. It is recommended to apply training to pupils before engaging students in online learning programs. In addition, in future course of study longitudinal research design with large sample size should be adopted to develop more valid and reliable normative instruments for South Asian context.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author declares that the submitted to Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society (Je-LKS) is original and that is has neither been published previously nor is currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
The author agrees that SIe-L (Italian Society of e-Learning) has the right to publish the material sent for inclusion in the journal Je-LKS.
The author agree that articles may be published in digital format (on the Internet or on any digital support and media) and in printed format, including future re-editions, in any language and in any license including proprietary licenses, creative commons license or open access license. SIe-L may also use parts of the work to advertise and promote the publication.
The author declares s/he has all the necessary rights to authorize the editor and SIe-L to publish the work.
The author assures that the publication of the work in no way infringes the rights of third parties, nor violates any penal norms and absolves SIe-L from all damages and costs which may result from publication.
The author declares further s/he has received written permission without limits of time, territory, or language from the rights holders for the free use of all images and parts of works still covered by copyright, without any cost or expenses to SIe-L.
For all the information please check the Ethical Code of Je-LKS, available at http://www.je-lks.org/index.php/ethical-code
References
- Ain, N., Kaur, K., & Waheed, M. (2016). The influence of learning value on learning management system use: An extension of UTAUT2. Information Development, 32(5), 1306-1321.
- Akram, T. M., Ijaz, A., & Ikram, H. (2017). Exploring the Factors Responsible for Declining Students' Interest in Chemistry. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(2), 88.
- Appana, S. (2008). A Review of Benefits and Limitations of Online Learning in the Context of the Student, the Instructor and the Tenured Faculty. International Journal on E-Learning, 7(1), 5-22. Waynesville, NC USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved November 21, 2018 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/22909/.
- Baanu, T. F., Oyelekan, O. S., & Olorundare, A. S. (2018). Self-Efficacy and Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in North-Central, Nigeria. MOJES: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1), 43-52.
- Bandura, Albert (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
- Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 3(2), 77-85.
- Berhe Zewde Aregawi, Mengiteab G, Hiwot Meressa (2017). How to improve students’ participation in chemistry class: The case of 2nd Year Chemistry students taking the course Practical Organic Chemistry. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (IJEDR), 5(4), 1397-1401.
- Boiché, J. C. S., Sarrazin, P. G., Grouzet, F. M. E., Pelletier, L. G., & Chanal, J. P. (2008). Students' motivational profiles and achievement outcomes in physical education: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 688-701.
- Burmeister M, Rauch F, Eilks I. (2012). Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and chemistry education. Chem Educ Res.
- Cheng, G., & Chau, J. (2016). Exploring the relationships between learning styles, online participation, learning achievement and course satisfaction: An empirical study of a blended learning course. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(2), 257-278.
- Cheng, G., & Chau, J. (2016). Exploring the relationships between learning styles, online participation, learning achievement and course satisfaction: An empirical study of a blended learning course. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(2), 257-278.
- Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112 (1), 155-159.
- Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
- Dev, P. C. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and academic achievement: What does their relationship imply for the classroom teacher?. Remedial and special education, 18(1), 12-19.
- Edward, C.N., Asirvatham, D. & Johar, M.G.M. (2018). Effect of blended learning and learners’ characteristics on students’ competence: An empirical evidence in learning oriental music. Education and Information Technologies, 23(6), 2587-2606.
- Ferrell, B., Phillips, M. M., & Barbera, J. (2016). Connecting achievement motivation to performance in general chemistry. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 17(4), 1054-1066.
- Field, S., Hoffman, A., & Cornell, K. (2016). Early Steps to Self-Determination. Birmingham: beself determined.
- Florian, T. P., & Zimmerman, J. P. (2015). Understanding by design, moodle, and blended learning: A secondary school case study. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 120-128.
- Gambrari, I. A., Yusuf, M. O., & Thomas, D. A. (2015). Effects of Computer-Assisted STAD, LTM and ICI Cooperative Learning Strategies on Nigerian Secondary School Students’ Achievement, Gender and Motivation in Physics. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(19), 16-28.
- Glynn, S. M. (2011). Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQ-II). Retrieved from http://www.coe.uga.edu/smq.
- Guo, J., Parker, P. D., Marsh, H. W., & Morin, A. J. (2015). Achievement, motivation, and educational choices: A longitudinal study of expectancy and value using a multiplicative perspective. Developmental Psychology, 51(8), 1163.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis 6th ed. Uppersaddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Hashemyolia, S., Asmuni, A., Daud, S. M., Ayub, A. F. M., & Shah, J. A. (2014). Factors Affecting Students’ Self Regulated Learning Using Learning Management System.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling., Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
- Ho, V. T., Nakamori, Y., Ho, T. B., & Lim, C. P. (2016). Blended learning model on hands-on approach for in-service secondary school teachers: Combination of E-learning and face-to-face discussion. Education and Information Technologies, 21(1), 185-208.
- Husain, U. K. (2014). Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation. In International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities (ICEEH'14). 10-11.
- Iqbal, S., & Bhatti, Z. A. (2017). What drives m-learning? An empirical investigation of university student perceptions in Pakistan. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(4), 730-746.
- Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little jiffy, mark IV. Educational and psychological measurement, 34(1), 111-117.
- Keselman, H. J., Othman, A. R., Wilcox, R. R., & Fradette, K. (2004). The New and Improved Two-Sample t Test. Psychological Science, 47-51.
- Keshta, A. S., & Harb, I. I. (2013). The effectiveness of a blended learning program on developing Palestinian tenth graders' English writing skills. Education Journal, 2(6), 208-221.
- Kihoza, P. D., Zlotnikova, I., Bada, J. K., & Kalegele, K. (2016). An Assessment of Teachers' Abilities to Support Blended Learning Implementation in Tanzanian Secondary Schools. Contemporary Educational Technology, 7(1), 60-84.
- Lee, Y. C., Lau, K. C., & Yip, V. W. Y. (2016). Blended learning for building student-teachers’ capacity to learn and teach science-related interdisciplinary subjects: The case of Hong Kong. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 11(2), 166-181.
- Lin-Siegler, X., Dweck, C. S., & Cohen, G. L. (2016). Instructional interventions that motivate classroom learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(3), 295.
- Nausheen, M. (2016). An adaptation of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) for postgraduate students in Pakistan: Results of an Exploratory Factor Analysis. Bulletin of Education and Research, 38(1).
- Neter, J., Kutner, M.H., Wasserman, W., Nachtsheim, C. (1996). Applied Linear Statistical Models 4th edition. Richard D. Irwin, Inc Press.
- Noour, A. T., & Hubbard, N. (2014). The implementation of Self-determination theory on the opportunities and challenges for blended e-learning in motivating Egyptian logistic learners. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 8(12), 3955-3960.
- Robins, J.M.; Greenland, S. (1992). Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology. 3(2), 143-55.
- Rosenzweig, E. Q., & Wigfield, A. (2016). STEM motivation interventions for adolescents: A promising start, but further to go. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 146-163.
- Salta, K., & Koulougliotis, D. (2015). Assessing motivation to learn chemistry: adaptation and validation of Science Motivation Questionnaire II with Greek secondary school students. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 16(2), 237-250
- Shah, I., & Khan, M. (2015). Impact of multimedia-aided teaching on students’ academic achievement and attitude at elementary level. US-China Education Review A, 5(5), 349-360.
- Sharaabi-Naor, Y., Kesner, M., & Shwartz, Y. (2014). enhancing students’ motivation to learn chemistry. Sisyphus-Journal of Education, 2(2), 100-123.
- Sirhan, G. (2007). Learning difficulties in chemistry: An overview.
- Sun, Z., Liu, R., Luo, L., Wu, M., & Shi, C. (2017). Exploring collaborative learning effect in blended learning environments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning.
- Tang, C. M., & Chaw, L. Y. (2016). Digital Literacy: A Prerequisite for Effective Learning in a Blended Learning Environment?. Electronic Journal of E-learning, 14(1), 54-65.
- Taylor, G., Jungert, T., Mageau, G. A., Schattke, K., Dedic, H., Rosenfield, S., & Koestner, R. (2014). A self-determination theory approach to predicting school achievement over time: The unique role of intrinsic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(4), 342-358.
- Tilahun, K., & Tirfu, M. (2016). Common difficulties experienced by grade 12 students in learning chemistry in Ebinat Preparatory School. African Journal of Chemical Education, 6(2), 16-32.
- Tseng, W. T., Dörnyei, Z., & Schmitt, N. (2006). A new approach to assessing strategic learning: The case of self-regulation in vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 78-102.
- Tynan, B., Ryan, Y., & Lamont‐Mills, A. (2015). Examining workload models in online and blended teaching. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(1), 5-15.
- Vasileva-Stojanovska, T., Malinovski, T., Vasileva, M., Jovevski, D., & Trajkovik, V. (2015). Impact of satisfaction, personality and learning style on educational outcomes in a blended learning environment. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 127-135.
- Waheed, M., Kaur, K., Ain, N., & Hussain, N. (2016). Perceived learning outcomes from Moodle: An empirical study of intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors. Information Development, 32(4), 1001-1013.
- Wang, M. T., Degol, J., & Ye, F. (2015). Math achievement is important, but task values are critical, too: examining the intellectual and motivational factors leading to gender disparities in STEM careers. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 36.
- Wiyarsi, A. (2017). Chemistry Teachers' Ability to Design Classroom Action Research in Hybrid Learning Program. Cakrawala Pendidikan, (2).
- Wu, C., & Foos, J. (2010). Making chemistry fun to learn. Literacy information and computer education journal, 1(1), 3.
- Yousaf, A., Yang, H., & Sanders, K. (2015). Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on task and contextual performance of Pakistani professionals: the mediating role of commitment foci. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(2), 133-150.
- Zainuddin, Z., & Perera, C.J., (2019). Exploring students’ competence, autonomy and relatedness in the flipped classroom pedagogical model. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(1), 115-126.
- Zusho, A., Pintrich, P. R., & Coppola, B. (2003). Skill and will: The role of motivation and cognition in the learning of college chemistry. International journal of science education, 25(9), 1081-1094.