Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to understand teachers’ conceptions and practices concerning collaborative work around planning pedagogical strategies with digital technologies. And to help design a training plan based on the F@R Model (Training-Action-Reflection). This is an innovative piece of work, in terms of methodology, in this area of study and intervention, and corresponds to the first of three action-research cycles designed. The participants were five teachers from the 2nd cycle of basic education in Portugal (equivalent to ISCED 2). Data collection was centred on interviews, with a focus on content analysis. In this study, the importance attributed by the participants to collaborative work, as well as to inter- and transdisciplinary practices, was verified. However, it turned out that these practices have only taken place informally and without planning. Structural and personal challenges and favourable factors for integrating digital technologies were highlighted. Difficulties related to access to technology were the main ones, with the highest number of references. The participants prioritised a collaborative and practical approach to training. In this way, it was confirmed that the approach followed was a promising strategy for planning the work to be done, which supported the design of the training plan.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author declares that the submitted to Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society (Je-LKS) is original and that is has neither been published previously nor is currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
The author agrees that SIe-L (Italian Society of e-Learning) has the right to publish the material sent for inclusion in the journal Je-LKS.
The author agree that articles may be published in digital format (on the Internet or on any digital support and media) and in printed format, including future re-editions, in any language and in any license including proprietary licenses, creative commons license or open access license. SIe-L may also use parts of the work to advertise and promote the publication.
The author declares s/he has all the necessary rights to authorize the editor and SIe-L to publish the work.
The author assures that the publication of the work in no way infringes the rights of third parties, nor violates any penal norms and absolves SIe-L from all damages and costs which may result from publication.
The author declares further s/he has received written permission without limits of time, territory, or language from the rights holders for the free use of all images and parts of works still covered by copyright, without any cost or expenses to SIe-L.
For all the information please check the Ethical Code of Je-LKS, available at http://www.je-lks.org/index.php/ethical-code
References
- Amado, J. (2014). Manual de Investigação Qualitativa em Educação. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. University Press.
- Atkinson-Toal, A. (2024). Student value of a transdisciplinary approach to curriculum development. Journal of Marketing Education, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/02734753241288182
- Assembleia da República. (2019). Lei n.º 58/2019, de 8 de agosto. Diário da República n.º 151/2019, Série I(3- 40). https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/58-2019-123815982
- Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de Conteúdo. Edições 70.
- Bendtsen, M., Forsman, L., & Bjorklund, M. (2022). Exploring empowering practices for teachers´ sustainable continuing professional development. Educational Research, 64(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2021.2000338
- Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. (1994). Investigação qualitativa em educação. Uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto Editora.
- Calderón, A., & Tannehill, D. (2021). Enacting a new curriculum models-based framework supported by digital technology within a learning community. European physical education review, 27(3), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20962126
- Carroll, A. F., Faruque, R., Hewage, C., Bentotahewa, V., & Meace, S. (2023). The Journey to Making Digital Technology’Education a Community Learning Venture. Education Sciences, 13(5), 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13050428
- Costa, F. A., & Viseu, S. (2008). Formação – Ação – Reflexão: Um modelo de preparação de professores para a integração curricular das TIC. In F. Costa, Peralta H. & Viseu, As TIC na Educação em Portugal. Conceções e práticas, 238-258. Porto Editora.
- Coutinho, C. P. (2018). Metodologia de investigação em ciências sociais e humanas: teoria e prática. Almedina.
- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
- Díaz-Sacco, A., & Muñoz-Salinas, Y. (2024). Conditions and opportunities for teacher collaboration during the implementation of a professional development programme. Professional Development in Education, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2024.2405617
- Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2013). Action research in education: a practical guide. The Guilford Press.
- Esteves, M. (2006). A análise de conteúdo. In J. A. Lima, & J. A. Pacheco (Orgs.), Fazer investigação. Contributos para a elaboração de dissertações e teses, 105-126. Porto Editora.
- Fernandes, D., Neves, C., Tinoca, L., Viseu, S., & Henriques, S. (2022). Relações entre as políticas públicas de educação e o desempenho de Portugal no PISA. Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 30(168). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.6213
- Flores, M., Miquel, E., & Duran, D. (2025). Teacher collaborative knowledge building in Reciprocal Peer Observation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 40(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-025-00945-7
- Goodman, B., Nam, A., Yembergenova, A., Nuta, O., & Malone, K. (2025). ‘I should conduct action research more often’: teacher educators’ professional development through action research. Educational Action Research, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2025.2468958
- Green, L. (2024). Teacher Collaboration for Student-Centered Project-Based Curriculum Development in the Supplementary School: What Do Teachers Need?. Journal of Jewish Education, 90(4), 330-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15244113.2024.2415085
- Gueudet, G., Pepin, B., & Lebaud, M.P. (2021). Designing meta-resources for mathematics teachers in the context of curriculum reforms: the case of digital technology use and student autonomy in France. ZDM–Mathematics Education, 53, 1359-1372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01299-2
- Hendrickx, M. M., Thurlings, M. C., & Den Brok, P. (2025). Teachers’ collaborative knowledge building in professional learning communities: connecting interaction patterns to learning gains. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 40(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-024-00938-y
- Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1991). Analyse des données qualitatives : recueil de nouvelles méthodes. De Boeck Université.
- Kellner, E., & Attorps, L. (2024). Collective development of teaching practices in Swedish compulsory schools - does professional learning occur?. Teacher Development, 28(3), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2024.2315170
- Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The action research planner: Doing critical participatory action research. Springer.
- La Fleur, J., & Dlamini, R. (2022). Towards learner-centric pedagogies: Technology-enhanced teaching and learning in the 21st century classroom. Journal of Education (University of KwaZulu-Natal), (88), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i88a01
- Lavonen, J., Mahlamaki-Kultanen, S., Vahtivuori-Hanninen, S., & Mikkola, A. (2020). A collaborative design for a finnish teacher education development programme. Journal of teacher education and educators, 9(2), 241-262. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jtee/issue/56618/728673
- Leite, T., & Relvas, M. (2022). Ultrapassar as fronteiras das disciplinas: articulação disciplinar. Práticas de Integração Curricular nos 1. º e 2. º Ciclos do Ensino Básico, 10-26. https://doi.org/10.34629/ipl.eselx.cap.livros.157
- Little, J. W. (1990). The persistence of privacy: Autonomy and initiative in teachers’ professional relations. Teachers college record, 91(4), 509-536.
- Lourenço, L. R., Cruz, E., & Costa, F. A. (2023). Collaborative Experiences Among Teachers Oriented Towards The Pedagogical Integration Of Digital Technologies: A Systematic Literature Review. ICERI2023 Proceedings, 6442-6449. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2023.1602
- Lucas, M., & Moreira, A. (2018). Quadro europeu de competência digital para educadores. UA Editora –Universidade de Aveiro.
- Nipyrakis, A., Stavrou, D., & Avraamidou, L. (2023). Designing technology-enhanced science experiments in elementary teacher preparation: the role of learning communities. Research in Science & Technological Education, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2023.2202386
- Nóvoa, A. & Vieira, P. (2017). Um alfabeto da formação de professores. Crítica Educativa, 3(2), 21-49. https://doi.org/10.22476/revcted.v3i2.217
- OECD (2020). TALIS 2018 results (volume II): Teachers and school leaders as valued professionals.
- Oliveira, A., Carvalho, C., & Carrasqueira, K. (2020). Colaboração docente e resultados educacionais no Brasil. Educar Em Revista, 36.
- Redecker, C., & Punie, Y. (2017). European framework for the digital competence of educators: DigCompEdu. Publications Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcompedu
- Rempe-Gillen, E. (2018). Primary school teacher experiences in cross-phase professional development collaborations. Professional development in education, 44(3), 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2017.1328455
- Rodrigues, A. L. (2020). Digital technologies integration in teacher education: the active teacher training model. Journal of E-learning and Knowledge Society, 16(3), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.20368/1971-8829/1135273
- Rosenholtz, S. J. (1991). Teachers´s workplace: the social organization of schools. Teachers College Press.
- Salgado, P. A., de Souza, M. A., Fazenda, I. C., & de Oliveira Chamon, E. M. (2022). Interdisciplinaridade e práticas pedagógicas: O que dizem os professores. Revista Portuguesa de Educação, 35(1), 4-25.
- Santos, D. A., Lanuti, J. E., Rocha, N., & Barros, D. (2019). Educação Matemática: A articulação de concepções e práticas inclusivas e colaborativas. Educação Matemática Pesquisa, 21(1), 254-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1983-3156.2019v21i1p254-276
- Seabra, F., Abelha, M., Henriques, S., & Mouraz, A. (2022). Policies and practices of external evaluation of schools: spaces for teacher collaboration?. Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas Em Educacao, 30(116), 644-668. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362022003003442
- Sexton, S. S. (2020). Never Had It but Now I Have to Teach It: A Study into How Primary Teachers Implemented A New Curriculum Requirement in Teaching Practice. Science Education International, 31(2), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.33828/sei.v31.i2.6
- Stringer, E. T. (2007). Action Research. Third Editions. Sage Publications.
- Stringer, T. (2024). Synthesisability and optimising exploratory action research for continuing professional development. Educational Action Research, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2024.2362706
- Toikka, T., & Tarnanen, M. (2022). Understanding teachers’ mental models of collaboration to enhance the learning community. Educational Studies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2022.2052809
- Valverde-Berrocoso, J., Fernández-Sánchez, M. R., Revuelta Dominguez, F. I., & Sosa-Díaz, M. J. (2021). The educational integration of digital technologies preCovid-19: Lessons for teacher education. PloS one, 16(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256283